第１章
開発経済学の基本的アプローチは理論と実態認識と計量分析の三位一体
Chapter 1
The fundamental approach of development economics is the trinity of theory, empirical understanding, and quantitative analysis.
第２章
農業では労働者の働きぶりを監視しにくいので農業は世界中で家族経営が主流だ。開発途上国では家族労働に依存する小規模農家の効率性が高い（規模と逆相関IR関係がある）傾向がある。よって地主から小作人への土地の再配分は効率性公平性の両面で正しい。しかし機械化が進行する過程で農家規模と生産性の間に正の関係が生まれる。そうなると政府は反対に生産性の高い大規模農家への土地の使用権移転を促進しなければならない。
Chapter 2
Because it is difficult to monitor workers’ performance in agriculture, family-run farms are the norm worldwide. In developing countries, small-scale farmers who rely on family labor tend to be highly efficient (there is an inverse correlation between scale and efficiency). Therefore, the redistribution of land from landowners to tenant farmers is justified from both the perspectives of efficiency and equity. However, as mechanization progresses, a positive relationship emerges between farm size and productivity. When this occurs, the government must instead promote the transfer of land use rights to large-scale farms with high productivity.
第５章コラム
富岡製糸場の貢献は過大評価されていないか？ 富岡の技術は民間企業に広く普及しなかった。富岡に派遣された伝習工女が富岡の技術を普及し貢献したという証拠もない。富岡では施設の見学を強く禁止し模倣は不可能だった。日本の近代的製糸業は長野県岡谷市で顕著に発展したが、それは富岡のフランス式機械ではなくイタリア式の機械に独自の改良を加えて発展した。富岡は超近代的で資本使用的技術であり当時の日本にとって適正な技術であったわけがない。多くのアジアやアフリカの政府と同様に、日本の明治政府も過度に資本使用的な技術を導入する誤りを犯した。
☆私のコメント：富岡製糸場よりも岡谷の蚕糸博物館の方が遥かに面白い。両方見学したが富岡は建物があるだけ。岡谷は産業の発展と技術の進歩がわかる。
Chapter 5 Column
Is the Contribution of the Tomioka Silk Mill Overrated? Tomioka’s technology did not spread widely among private enterprises. There is also no evidence that the female apprentices dispatched to Tomioka disseminated its technology and made a significant contribution. At Tomioka, facility tours were strictly prohibited, making imitation impossible. Japan’s modern silk industry developed most notably in Okaya City, Nagano Prefecture, but this development was based on Italian-style machinery to which unique improvements were applied, rather than Tomioka’s French-style machinery. Tomioka’s technology was ultra-modern and capital-intensive; it could not have been the appropriate technology for Japan at that time. Like many governments in Asia and Africa, the Meiji government of Japan also made the mistake of introducing excessively capital-intensive technology.
☆My comment: The Okaya Silk Museum is far more interesting than the Tomioka Silk Mill. I visited both, but Tomioka is just a building. Okaya, on the other hand, provides insight into industrial development and technological progress.
Translated with DeepL.com (free version)
第６章
熱帯アジアでは緑の革命（コメや小麦の高収量品種の開発と普及）により食糧問題は解決に至った。緑の革命は日本の稲作農業が台湾に移転され、熱帯アジアに移転されて実現した。
しかしサハラ以南のアフリカでは緑の革命は起こっていない。著者はその要因はアジアと異なりアフリカでは基本的な栽培技術が採用されていないことであり、稲作栽培技術研修が基本的な開発戦略だと考える。世銀などは近代品種の普及と肥料投入で緑の革命が起こると考えているが著者は反対。
Chapter ６
In tropical Asia, the food crisis was resolved through the Green Revolution (the development and widespread adoption of high-yield varieties of rice and wheat). The Green Revolution was realized through the transfer of Japanese rice farming techniques to Taiwan and then to tropical Asia.
However, the Green Revolution has not taken place in sub-Saharan Africa. The author believes the reason for this, unlike in Asia, is that basic cultivation techniques have not been adopted in Africa, and considers training in rice cultivation techniques to be a fundamental development strategy. While the World Bank and others believe that the Green Revolution will occur through the dissemination of modern varieties and the application of fertilizers, the author disagrees with this view.
結論 「革新と発展の経済学」のエッセンス
(1)既存の農業部門や産業集積の育成を優先すべきである。
(2) 農業や起業家の人的資本に投資すべきである。
(3)外資系企業や海外から技術や経営手法を学ぶべきである。
(4)政府の役割は重い 人的資本に投資、契約の履行を保証、生産者組合の革新を支援
Conclusion: The Essence of “The Economics of Innovation and Development”
(1) Priority should be given to fostering existing agricultural sectors and industrial clusters.
(2) Investment should be made in human capital within agriculture and among entrepreneurs.
(3) Technology and management practices should be learned from foreign companies and overseas sources.
(4) The government has a significant role to play: investing in human capital, ensuring contract enforcement, and supporting innovation within producer cooperatives.
Translated with DeepL.com (free version)
